29^th American Dental Congress September 25-26, 2020 Vancouver, Canada

Ethics affect virtually every decision made in a dental office, encompassing activities of both judging and choosing. Ethics affect relationships with patients, the public, office staff, and other professionals. Without a solid ethical foundation, you simply cannot be a true professional. The dentist must be aware of patients’ legitimate needs for prescription drugs.

Dental Hygiene is a method of caring the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, gingivitis, dental cavities, bad breath and periodontal (gum) diseases. Teeth cleaning mean the removal of dental plaque and tartar from teeth to prevent cavities, gum disease, gingivitis and tooth decay. Poor hygiene of mouth, particularly gum disease increases the risk of heart stroke, uncontrolled diabetes and preterm labor. Vincent infection is a terrible disease of the mouth characterized by gray ulceration of the mucous membrane, bleeding of gums, foul odour to the breath etc.

This topic deals with ongoing research in Dentistry that covers an evaluation, diagnosing, treatment and prevention of different kinds of diseases and conditions of the soft and hard tissues of the jaw, oral cavity, maxillofacial area and adjacent and associated structures and its impact on the human body. The major focus of researches is on treating different dental problems through different analytical procedures, tests and techniques.

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the treatment of issues related to hard and soft tissues of face, mouth and jaws.  Maxillofacial surgeons set a strong base for cosmetic and restorative dental work which includes placing of dental implants, providing medication for obstructive sleep apnea, facial pain and infection, biopsies, removal of lesions, diagnosis and treatment of some oral cancers. It includes treatment of facial injuries, head and neck cancers, salivary gland diseases, facial disproportion, facial pain, impacted teeth, cysts and tumors of the jaws along with numerous problems affecting the oral mucosa like mouth ulcers and infections.

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics is the specialty of dentistry that focuses on the alignment of the teeth and the dental arches: the maxilla and the mandible. This deals with the problems of teeth that are crowded or too far apart, teeth that meet abnormally or don’t meet at all, and teeth that stick out, and mismatched jaws. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics, is previously called as orthodontia, is a field of dentistry that concerned with the diagnosing, preventing and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws. For the younger patients, the jaw bones are still forming, it is easier to control bone growth and tooth movement. However for the elder patients this process involves surgery.

Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry focuses mostly on prevention, diagnosing and treating the diseases of gum and its periodontal tissues that results in attachment loss and destruction of alveolar bone. Periodontal treatments includes Tartar (calculus) and plaque removal beneath the gums, Medication and Surgery. Periodontics is first treated by special cleaning called “Peri-odontal cleaning” along with some medications to remove the plaque and tartar deposits. if it doesn’t cured then goes to surgery method which allows dentists to access areas under gums and roots where the tartar and plaque is accumulated. This reduces the pockets and repair caused by progressing disease.

Restorative dentistry deals with diagnosing and managing the diseases of teeth, its supporting structures and the healing of the dentition to practical and inventive requirements of the individual. It encompasses the dental specialities of endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics and its foundation is based upon how these interact in cases where composite care is needed.  The ultimate outcome of dental cavities is resolved by the balance between pathological factors that leads to demineralization and protective factors that leads to remineralization.

Endodontics is the specialty of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the dental pulp along with associated periradicular conditions. Endodontic treatment removes the diseased pulp, clean and shape the root canal system, disinfect the contaminated root canals, and then fill the root canal system to block re-infection and stimulate periradicular healing.

Preventive dentistry is the practice of caring for one's teeth to keep them healthy. This helps to avoid cavities, gum disease, enamel wear, and more. Preventive dentistry prevents people from developing dental problems later on. Cavities, gingivitis, enamel loss, and periodontitis can all be avoided or mitigated with proper dental care. Operative dentistry concerned with restoration of parts of the teeth that are defective as a result of disease , trauma, or abnormal development to a state of normal function, health, and esthetics.

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Prosthodontics is one among the nine dental specialties that is perceived by the American Dental Association (ADA). Dental professionals in the field of prosthodontics (prosthodontists) offer the latest sequencing treatment, maintenance and therapeutic treatment.

Cosmetic Dentistry improves the presence of an individual's teeth, gums and grin. It essentially centers around progress dental feel in shading, position, shape, size, arrangement and in general grin appearance. The medicines can be utilized to fix teeth brightening, full mouth recreation and grin makeover. Corrective medicines incorporate crowns, spans, fillings, dentures, dental inserts, holding, facade and tooth brightening.

Digital Dentistry denotes to the use of dental skills or devices to carry out dental procedures rather than using mechanical or electrical tools. It can be used to make carrying out dental procedures more efficient than using mechanical tools. 3D Imaging  is one of the most major tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists regularly use 2-dimensional (2D) static imaging procedures, but deepness of structures cannot be acquired and restricted with 2D imaging. In 3D diagnostic imaging, a series of anatomical records is gathered using certain technical equipment, processed by a computer and later presented on a 2D monitor to present the illusion of deepness.

Geriatric dentistry deals with the older adults dental care which involves diagnosing, preventing, managing and treating of problems associated with age related diseases.  Different problems include gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems often decrease in efficiency, and these impacts upon the entire body, including oral health. The common oral changes in the aged people are tooth loss, dental caries, periodontitis, dry mouth and oral cancer.  Palliative care comes into play when the patient’s disease is not responding to the treatment. Maintaining proper oral hygiene will be a difficult task for sick and critical condition patients, hence the main goal of dentist in palliative team should focus on oral comfort which comprise maintenance of oral hygiene, wipe out painful conditions like mucositis, infectious diseases, and ulcerative conditions of oral cavity.

Nanotechnology has a potential to bring enormous changes in the field of Dentistry. Nanomaterials are those whose size is <10nm.

•  Local Nanoanaesthesia: A colloidal suspension includes millions of dental nanorobots would be used to induce local anaesthesia. It reduces apprehension and is fast and totally reversible.
• Hypersensitivity cure:  Nanorobots uses local organic materials which could result in effective blockage of particular tubules, resulting in rapid and stable treatment.
• Tooth Repositioning: periodontal tissues like the gingiva, periodontal aligament, cementum and alveolar bone, may be directed by orthodontic Nanorobots leads to swift and pain free corrective movements.
•  Dentifrobots: Mouthwashes and Tooth pastes contain dentifrobots that would clean all  gingival surfaces regularly. They would breakdown all the harmful materials into harmless substances.
• Nanotherapeutics: Nanotechnology will eliminate the solubility problems, lead to a reduction in the dosage of drug and reduce the adverse effects.
• Diagnosing oral cancer: Nanoscale cantilevers, in which elastic beams used to attach with cancer linked molecules

Dental sleep medicine focuses on the use of oral appliances to treat sleep-disordered breathing, includes snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). These customized sleep apnea oral appliances are made by dentists using a plastic-like mold according to the specific shape of the patient’s mouth and teeth. They not only work on against the sleep apnea but also effective stop snoring. Sleep apnea is a potentially serious disorder in which breathing starts and stops repeatedly.

Dental Anaesthesiology we used earlier is nitrogen oxide and ether to control the pain of tooth. This allows millions of patients to undergo painless surgery, but not all.  Dental Anaesthesiology includes:

 Local Anaesthesia: The most local anaesthesia is lidocaine. Its half-life in the body is about 1.5 to 2hrs. This controls bleeding in the tissue during procedures

 Maxillary Anaesthesia: Local anaesthesia is deposited at the buccal (cheek) side of the maxillary alveolus which can diffuse through the thin cortical plate of the maxilla, then further into the pulp of the tooth in order to get dental anaesthesia effect.

Mandibular Anaesthesia: The technique to be used is chosen based on the patient’s age and tooth to be anaesthetised. Regional block or Infiltration technique is used here